fixing linter errors

.gitignore

@@ -8,8 +8,6 @@ scripts/__pycache__/
 *.o
 .gdb_history
 *.json
-*.png
-!logo.png
 *.bin
 *.qpa
 *.xml

build.zig

@@ -175,7 +175,13 @@ pub fn build(b: *std.Build) !void {
         const install_step = b.step(impl.name, b.fmt("Build libvulkan_{s}", .{impl.name}));
         install_step.dependOn(&lib_install.step);
 
-        const lib_tests = b.addTest(.{ .root_module = lib_mod });
+        const lib_tests = b.addTest(.{
+            .root_module = lib_mod,
+            .test_runner = .{
+                .path = b.path("test/test_runner.zig"),
+                .mode = .simple,
+            },
+        });
 
         const run_tests = b.addRunArtifact(lib_tests);
         const test_step = b.step(b.fmt("test-{s}", .{impl.name}), b.fmt("Run libvulkan_{s} tests", .{impl.name}));

src/ape/ApeInstance.zig

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ const soft = @import("soft");
 const flint = @import("flint");
 const phi = @import("phi");
 
-const Dispatchable = base.Dispatchable;
 const VkError = base.VkError;
 
 const Self = @This();
@@ -37,15 +36,15 @@ pub fn create(allocator: std.mem.Allocator, infos: *const vk.InstanceCreateInfo)
     };
 
     const soft_instance = try soft.Instance.create(allocator, infos);
-    errdefer soft_instance.deinit(allocator) catch {};
+    errdefer soft_instance.deinit(allocator) catch @panic("Caught an error while handling an error");
     self.backend_instances.append(allocator, soft_instance) catch return VkError.OutOfHostMemory;
 
     const flint_instance = try flint.Instance.create(allocator, infos);
-    errdefer flint_instance.deinit(allocator) catch {};
+    errdefer flint_instance.deinit(allocator) catch @panic("Caught an error while handling an error");
     self.backend_instances.append(allocator, flint_instance) catch return VkError.OutOfHostMemory;
 
     const phi_instance = try phi.Instance.create(allocator, infos);
-    errdefer phi_instance.deinit(allocator) catch {};
+    errdefer phi_instance.deinit(allocator) catch @panic("Caught an error while handling an error");
     self.backend_instances.append(allocator, phi_instance) catch return VkError.OutOfHostMemory;
 
     return &self.interface;
@@ -68,7 +67,7 @@ fn requestPhysicalDevices(interface: *Interface, allocator: std.mem.Allocator, _
 
 fn appendBackendPhysicalDevices(self: *Self, allocator: std.mem.Allocator, backend: *Interface) VkError!void {
     try backend.requestPhysicalDevices(allocator);
-    errdefer backend.releasePhysicalDevices(allocator) catch {};
+    errdefer backend.releasePhysicalDevices(allocator) catch @panic("Caught an error while handling an error");
 
     self.interface.physical_devices.appendSlice(allocator, backend.physical_devices.items) catch return VkError.OutOfHostMemory;
     backend.physical_devices.deinit(allocator);

src/intel/FlintBinarySemaphore.zig

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ const base = @import("base");
 const kmd = @import("kmd.zig");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
-const Device = base.Device;
 const FlintDevice = @import("FlintDevice.zig");
 
 const drm_syncobj_create = 0xbf;
@@ -159,5 +158,5 @@ fn destroyHandle(device: *FlintDevice, io: std.Io, handle: u32) void {
         io,
         kmd.drmIoctlIowr(drm_syncobj_destroy, SyncObjDestroy),
         &destroy_info,
-    ) catch {};
+    ) catch @panic("Caught an error while handling an error");
 }

src/intel/FlintBuffer.zig

@@ -2,10 +2,8 @@ const std = @import("std");
 const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
 
-const lib = @import("lib.zig");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
-const Device = base.Device;
 
 const Self = @This();
 pub const Interface = base.Buffer;

src/intel/FlintBufferView.zig

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
-const Device = base.Device;
 
 const Self = @This();
 pub const Interface = base.BufferView;

src/intel/FlintCommandBuffer.zig

@@ -5,8 +5,6 @@ const kmd = @import("kmd.zig");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
 const FlintDevice = @import("FlintDevice.zig");
-const FlintDeviceMemory = @import("FlintDeviceMemory.zig");
-const FlintImage = @import("FlintImage.zig");
 
 const MemoryRange = @import("MemoryRange.zig");
 
@@ -96,7 +94,7 @@ pub fn destroy(interface: *Interface, allocator: std.mem.Allocator) void {
 
 pub fn submitGpuBatch(self: *Self, syncs: []const kmd.SyncDependency) VkError!void {
     try self.interface.submit();
-    defer self.interface.finish() catch {};
+    defer self.interface.finish() catch @panic("Caught an error while handling an error");
 
     if (self.batch.items.len == 0) return;
 

src/intel/FlintCommandPool.zig

@@ -2,9 +2,7 @@ const std = @import("std");
 const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
 
-const NonDispatchable = base.NonDispatchable;
 const VkError = base.VkError;
-const Device = base.Device;
 
 const FlintCommandBuffer = @import("FlintCommandBuffer.zig");
 

src/intel/FlintDescriptorPool.zig

@@ -3,9 +3,6 @@ const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
-const VulkanAllocator = base.VulkanAllocator;
-
-const Device = base.Device;
 
 const Self = @This();
 pub const Interface = base.DescriptorPool;

src/intel/FlintDescriptorSetLayout.zig

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
-const Device = base.Device;
 
 const Self = @This();
 pub const Interface = base.DescriptorSetLayout;

src/intel/FlintEvent.zig

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
-const Device = base.Device;
 
 const Self = @This();
 pub const Interface = base.Event;

src/intel/FlintFence.zig

@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ fn destroyHandle(device: *FlintDevice, io: std.Io, handle: u32) void {
         io,
         kmd.drmIoctlIowr(drm_syncobj_destroy, SyncObjDestroy),
         &destroy_info,
-    ) catch {};
+    ) catch @panic("ioctl failed");
 }
 
 fn absoluteTimeout(io: std.Io, timeout: u64) i64 {

src/intel/FlintImageView.zig

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
-const Device = base.Device;
 
 const Self = @This();
 pub const Interface = base.ImageView;

src/intel/FlintInstance.zig

@@ -80,17 +80,17 @@ fn requestPhysicalDevices(interface: *Interface, allocator: std.mem.Allocator, d
         defer version.deinit(allocator);
 
         const kmd_type: lib.KmdType = if (std.mem.eql(u8, version.name, "i915"))
-            .I915
+            .i915
         else if (std.mem.eql(u8, version.name, "xe"))
-            .Xe
+            .xe
         else
-            .Invalid;
+            .invalid;
 
-        if (kmd_type == .Invalid)
+        if (kmd_type == .invalid)
             continue;
 
         const physical_device = try FlintPhysicalDevice.create(allocator, interface, &drm_device, kmd_type);
-        errdefer physical_device.interface.release(allocator) catch {};
+        errdefer physical_device.interface.release(allocator) catch @panic("Caught an error while handling an error");
 
         const dispatchable = try Dispatchable(base.PhysicalDevice).wrap(allocator, &physical_device.interface);
         errdefer dispatchable.destroy(allocator);

src/intel/FlintPhysicalDevice.zig

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ const pci_ids = @import("pci_ids.zig").map;
 const FlintDevice = @import("FlintDevice.zig");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
-const VulkanAllocator = base.VulkanAllocator;
 const SurfaceKHR = base.SurfaceKHR;
 
 const Self = @This();
@@ -79,7 +78,7 @@ pub fn create(allocator: std.mem.Allocator, instance: *base.Instance, drm_device
         break;
     }
 
-    interface.props.pipeline_cache_uuid = undefined;
+    interface.props.pipeline_cache_uuid = @splat(0);
     interface.props.limits = .{
         .max_image_dimension_1d = 4096,
         .max_image_dimension_2d = 4096,
@@ -867,10 +866,10 @@ fn cpuid(leaf_id: u32, subleaf_id: u32) CpuidRegs {
         }
     }
 
-    var eax: u32 = undefined;
-    var ebx: u32 = undefined;
-    var ecx: u32 = undefined;
-    var edx: u32 = undefined;
+    var eax: u32 = 0;
+    var ebx: u32 = 0;
+    var ecx: u32 = 0;
+    var edx: u32 = 0;
 
     asm volatile ("cpuid"
         : [_] "={eax}" (eax),

src/intel/FlintPipelineLayout.zig

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
-const Device = base.Device;
 
 const Self = @This();
 pub const Interface = base.PipelineLayout;

src/intel/FlintQueryPool.zig

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
-const Device = base.Device;
 
 const Self = @This();
 pub const Interface = base.QueryPool;

src/intel/FlintRenderPass.zig

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
-const Device = base.Device;
 
 const Self = @This();
 pub const Interface = base.RenderPass;

src/intel/blitter.zig

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 const std = @import("std");
 const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
-const kmd = @import("kmd.zig");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
 const FlintImage = @import("FlintImage.zig");
@@ -158,7 +157,7 @@ fn bitwiseCompatibleFormats(src: vk.Format, dst: vk.Format) bool {
 
 fn nearestBlitCoordinate(src_0: i32, src_1: i32, dst_0: i32, dst_1: i32, dst: i32, extent: u32) usize {
     const numerator = @as(i64, 2 * (dst - dst_0) + 1) * @as(i64, src_1 - src_0);
-    const denominator = @as(i64, 2 * (dst_1 - dst_0));
+    const denominator: i64 = 2 * (dst_1 - dst_0);
     const coordinate = @as(i64, src_0) + @divFloor(numerator, denominator);
     return @intCast(std.math.clamp(coordinate, 0, @as(i64, extent) - 1));
 }

src/intel/i915/i915.zig

@@ -1,19 +1,18 @@
-const vk = @import("vulkan");
 
 pub const command_base = 0x40;
-pub const i915_gem_create = 0x1b;
-pub const i915_gem_mmap_gtt = 0x24;
-pub const i915_gem_set_domain = 0x1f;
-pub const i915_gem_execbuffer2 = 0x29;
+pub const gem_create = 0x1b;
+pub const gem_mmap_gtt = 0x24;
+pub const gem_set_domain = 0x1f;
+pub const gem_execbuffer2 = 0x29;
 pub const gem_close = 0x09;
 
-pub const i915_mmap_offset_wb = 2;
-pub const i915_gem_domain_cpu = 0x00000001;
-pub const i915_gem_domain_gtt = 0x00000040;
-pub const i915_exec_blt = 3 << 0;
-pub const i915_exec_fence_array: u64 = 1 << 19;
-pub const i915_exec_fence_wait: u32 = 1 << 0;
-pub const i915_exec_fence_signal: u32 = 1 << 1;
+pub const mmap_offset_wb = 2;
+pub const gem_domain_cpu = 0x00000001;
+pub const gem_domain_gtt = 0x00000040;
+pub const exec_blt = 3 << 0;
+pub const exec_fence_array: u64 = 1 << 19;
+pub const exec_fence_wait: u32 = 1 << 0;
+pub const exec_fence_signal: u32 = 1 << 1;
 pub const exec_object_write = 1 << 2;
 pub const mi_flush_dw: u32 = (0x26 << 23) | 3;
 

src/intel/i915/kmd.zig

@@ -2,13 +2,11 @@ const std = @import("std");
 const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
 
-const drm = @import("drm.zig");
+const _i915 = @import("i915.zig");
 const common_kmd = @import("../kmd.zig");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
 
-const IOCTL = std.os.linux.IOCTL;
-
 const Mapping = struct {
     bytes: []align(std.heap.page_size_min) u8,
 
@@ -33,12 +31,17 @@ pub const Device = struct {
     }
 
     pub fn allocateMemory(self: *Device, io: std.Io, size: vk.DeviceSize) VkError!Memory {
-        var create = drm.GemCreate{
+        var create = _i915.GemCreate{
             .size = size,
             .handle = 0,
             .pad = 0,
         };
-        base.utils.ioctl(self.card.handle, io, common_kmd.drmIoctlIowr(drm.command_base + drm.i915_gem_create, drm.GemCreate), &create) catch return VkError.OutOfDeviceMemory;
+        base.utils.ioctl(
+            self.card.handle,
+            io,
+            common_kmd.drmIoctlIowr(_i915.command_base + _i915.gem_create, _i915.GemCreate),
+            &create,
+        ) catch return VkError.OutOfDeviceMemory;
 
         var memory = Memory{
             .handle = create.handle,
@@ -47,7 +50,7 @@ pub const Device = struct {
         };
         errdefer memory.deinit(self, io);
 
-        try memory.setDomain(self, io, drm.i915_gem_domain_cpu, 0);
+        try memory.setDomain(self, io, _i915.gem_domain_cpu, 0);
         return memory;
     }
 
@@ -61,7 +64,7 @@ pub const Device = struct {
             const batch_map = try batch.map(self, io, 0, batch_size);
             const batch_words = std.mem.bytesAsSlice(u32, batch_map);
             @memcpy(batch_words[0..commands.len], commands);
-            batch_words[commands.len + 0] = drm.mi_flush_dw;
+            batch_words[commands.len + 0] = _i915.mi_flush_dw;
             batch_words[commands.len + 1] = 0;
             batch_words[commands.len + 2] = 0;
             batch_words[commands.len + 3] = 0;
@@ -71,7 +74,7 @@ pub const Device = struct {
         }
         try batch.flushRange(self, io, 0, batch_size);
 
-        var objects = std.ArrayList(drm.ExecObject2).empty;
+        var objects = std.ArrayList(_i915.ExecObject2).empty;
         defer objects.deinit(allocator);
 
         var object_handles = std.ArrayList(u32).empty;
@@ -86,17 +89,17 @@ pub const Device = struct {
                     .relocs_ptr = 0,
                     .alignment = 0,
                     .offset = 0,
-                    .flags = if (relocation.write) drm.exec_object_write else 0,
+                    .flags = if (relocation.write) _i915.exec_object_write else 0,
                     .rsvd1 = 0,
                     .rsvd2 = 0,
                 }) catch return VkError.OutOfHostMemory;
             } else if (relocation.write) {
                 const index = std.mem.indexOfScalar(u32, object_handles.items, relocation.target_handle).?;
-                objects.items[index].flags |= drm.exec_object_write;
+                objects.items[index].flags |= _i915.exec_object_write;
             }
         }
 
-        var i915_relocations = std.ArrayList(drm.RelocationEntry).empty;
+        var i915_relocations = std.ArrayList(_i915.RelocationEntry).empty;
         defer i915_relocations.deinit(allocator);
 
         for (relocations) |relocation| {
@@ -121,17 +124,16 @@ pub const Device = struct {
             .rsvd2 = 0,
         }) catch return VkError.OutOfHostMemory;
 
-        var exec_fences = std.ArrayList(drm.ExecFence).empty;
+        var exec_fences = std.ArrayList(_i915.ExecFence).empty;
         defer exec_fences.deinit(allocator);
         for (syncs) |sync| {
             exec_fences.append(allocator, .{
                 .handle = sync.handle,
-                .flags = (if (sync.wait) drm.i915_exec_fence_wait else 0) |
-                    (if (sync.signal) drm.i915_exec_fence_signal else 0),
+                .flags = (if (sync.wait) _i915.exec_fence_wait else 0) | (if (sync.signal) _i915.exec_fence_signal else 0),
             }) catch return VkError.OutOfHostMemory;
         }
 
-        var execbuffer = drm.ExecBuffer2{
+        var execbuffer = _i915.ExecBuffer2{
             .buffers_ptr = @intFromPtr(objects.items.ptr),
             .buffer_count = @intCast(objects.items.len),
             .batch_start_offset = 0,
@@ -140,11 +142,16 @@ pub const Device = struct {
             .DR4 = 0,
             .num_cliprects = @intCast(exec_fences.items.len),
             .cliprects_ptr = if (exec_fences.items.len == 0) 0 else @intFromPtr(exec_fences.items.ptr),
-            .flags = drm.i915_exec_blt | (if (exec_fences.items.len == 0) 0 else drm.i915_exec_fence_array),
+            .flags = _i915.exec_blt | (if (exec_fences.items.len == 0) 0 else _i915.exec_fence_array),
             .rsvd1 = 0,
             .rsvd2 = 0,
         };
-        base.utils.ioctl(self.card.handle, io, common_kmd.drmIoctlIowr(drm.command_base + drm.i915_gem_execbuffer2, drm.ExecBuffer2), &execbuffer) catch return VkError.DeviceLost;
+        base.utils.ioctl(
+            self.card.handle,
+            io,
+            common_kmd.drmIoctlIowr(_i915.command_base + _i915.gem_execbuffer2, _i915.ExecBuffer2),
+            &execbuffer,
+        ) catch return VkError.DeviceLost;
     }
 };
 
@@ -156,11 +163,11 @@ pub const Memory = struct {
     pub fn deinit(self: *Memory, device: *Device, io: std.Io) void {
         self.unmap();
 
-        var close = drm.GemClose{
+        var close = _i915.GemClose{
             .handle = self.handle,
             .pad = 0,
         };
-        base.utils.ioctl(device.card.handle, io, common_kmd.drmIoctlIow(drm.gem_close, drm.GemClose), &close) catch {};
+        base.utils.ioctl(device.card.handle, io, common_kmd.drmIoctlIow(_i915.gem_close, _i915.GemClose), &close) catch @panic("Caught an error while handling an error");
 
         self.* = undefined;
     }
@@ -176,14 +183,19 @@ pub const Memory = struct {
             return mapping.slice(offset, map_size);
         }
 
-        var mmap_offset = drm.GemMmapOffset{
+        var mmap_offset = _i915.GemMmapOffset{
             .handle = self.handle,
             .pad = 0,
             .offset = 0,
-            .flags = drm.i915_mmap_offset_wb,
+            .flags = _i915.mmap_offset_wb,
             .extensions = 0,
         };
-        base.utils.ioctl(device.card.handle, io, common_kmd.drmIoctlIowr(drm.command_base + drm.i915_gem_mmap_gtt, drm.GemMmapOffset), &mmap_offset) catch return VkError.MemoryMapFailed;
+        base.utils.ioctl(
+            device.card.handle,
+            io,
+            common_kmd.drmIoctlIowr(_i915.command_base + _i915.gem_mmap_gtt, _i915.GemMmapOffset),
+            &mmap_offset,
+        ) catch return VkError.MemoryMapFailed;
 
         if (self.size > std.math.maxInt(usize)) return VkError.MemoryMapFailed;
         const full_size: usize = @intCast(self.size);
@@ -210,21 +222,26 @@ pub const Memory = struct {
     pub fn flushRange(self: *Memory, device: *Device, io: std.Io, offset: vk.DeviceSize, size: vk.DeviceSize) VkError!void {
         _ = offset;
         _ = size;
-        try self.setDomain(device, io, drm.i915_gem_domain_cpu, 0);
+        try self.setDomain(device, io, _i915.gem_domain_cpu, 0);
     }
 
     pub fn invalidateRange(self: *Memory, device: *Device, io: std.Io, offset: vk.DeviceSize, size: vk.DeviceSize) VkError!void {
         _ = offset;
         _ = size;
-        try self.setDomain(device, io, drm.i915_gem_domain_cpu, 0);
+        try self.setDomain(device, io, _i915.gem_domain_cpu, 0);
     }
 
     fn setDomain(self: *Memory, device: *Device, io: std.Io, read_domains: u32, write_domain: u32) VkError!void {
-        var domain = drm.GemSetDomain{
+        var domain = _i915.GemSetDomain{
             .handle = self.handle,
             .read_domains = read_domains,
             .write_domain = write_domain,
         };
-        base.utils.ioctl(device.card.handle, io, common_kmd.drmIoctlIow(drm.command_base + drm.i915_gem_set_domain, drm.GemSetDomain), &domain) catch return VkError.DeviceLost;
+        base.utils.ioctl(
+            device.card.handle,
+            io,
+            common_kmd.drmIoctlIow(_i915.command_base + _i915.gem_set_domain, _i915.GemSetDomain),
+            &domain,
+        ) catch return VkError.DeviceLost;
     }
 };

src/intel/kmd.zig

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 const std = @import("std");
 const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
-const lib = @import("lib.zig");
+
+const KmdType = @import("lib.zig").KmdType;
 
 const FlintPhysicalDevice = @import("FlintPhysicalDevice.zig");
 const i915_kmd = @import("i915/kmd.zig");
@@ -32,128 +33,128 @@ pub const SyncDependency = struct {
     signal: bool = false,
 };
 
-pub const Device = union(lib.KmdType) {
-    Invalid: void,
-    I915: i915_kmd.Device,
-    Xe: xe.Device,
+pub const Device = union(KmdType) {
+    invalid: void,
+    i915: i915_kmd.Device,
+    xe: xe.Device,
 
     pub fn open(io: std.Io, physical_device: *const FlintPhysicalDevice) VkError!Device {
         return switch (physical_device.kmd_type) {
-            .I915 => .{ .I915 = try i915_kmd.Device.open(io, physical_device.getNodePath()) },
-            .Xe => .{ .Xe = try xe.Device.open(io, physical_device.getNodePath()) },
-            .Invalid => VkError.InitializationFailed,
+            .i915 => .{ .i915 = try i915_kmd.Device.open(io, physical_device.getNodePath()) },
+            .xe => .{ .xe = try xe.Device.open(io, physical_device.getNodePath()) },
+            .invalid => VkError.InitializationFailed,
         };
     }
 
     pub fn close(self: *Device, io: std.Io) void {
         switch (self.*) {
-            .I915 => |*device| device.close(io),
-            .Xe => |*device| device.close(io),
-            .Invalid => {},
+            .i915 => |*device| device.close(io),
+            .xe => |*device| device.close(io),
+            .invalid => {},
         }
-        self.* = .{ .Invalid = {} };
+        self.* = .{ .invalid = {} };
     }
 
     pub fn allocateMemory(self: *Device, io: std.Io, size: vk.DeviceSize) VkError!Memory {
         return switch (self.*) {
-            .I915 => |*device| .{ .I915 = try device.allocateMemory(io, size) },
-            .Xe => |*device| .{ .Xe = try device.allocateMemory(io, size) },
-            .Invalid => VkError.OutOfDeviceMemory,
+            .i915 => |*device| .{ .i915 = try device.allocateMemory(io, size) },
+            .xe => |*device| .{ .xe = try device.allocateMemory(io, size) },
+            .invalid => VkError.OutOfDeviceMemory,
         };
     }
 
     pub fn submitBatch(self: *Device, io: std.Io, allocator: std.mem.Allocator, commands: []const u32, relocations: []const Relocation, syncs: []const SyncDependency) VkError!void {
         return switch (self.*) {
-            .I915 => |*device| device.submitBatch(io, allocator, commands, relocations, syncs),
-            .Xe => |*device| device.submitBatch(io, allocator, commands, relocations, syncs),
-            .Invalid => VkError.DeviceLost,
+            .i915 => |*device| device.submitBatch(io, allocator, commands, relocations, syncs),
+            .xe => |*device| device.submitBatch(io, allocator, commands, relocations, syncs),
+            .invalid => VkError.DeviceLost,
         };
     }
 
     pub fn file(self: *Device) VkError!std.Io.File {
         return switch (self.*) {
-            .I915 => |*device| device.card.handle,
-            .Xe => |*device| device.card.handle,
-            .Invalid => VkError.DeviceLost,
+            .i915 => |*device| device.card.handle,
+            .xe => |*device| device.card.handle,
+            .invalid => VkError.DeviceLost,
         };
     }
 };
 
-pub const Memory = union(lib.KmdType) {
-    Invalid: void,
-    I915: i915_kmd.Memory,
-    Xe: xe.Memory,
+pub const Memory = union(KmdType) {
+    invalid: void,
+    i915: i915_kmd.Memory,
+    xe: xe.Memory,
 
     pub fn deinit(self: *Memory, device: *Device, io: std.Io) void {
         switch (self.*) {
-            .I915 => |*memory| switch (device.*) {
-                .I915 => |*adapter| memory.deinit(adapter, io),
+            .i915 => |*memory| switch (device.*) {
+                .i915 => |*adapter| memory.deinit(adapter, io),
                 else => {},
             },
-            .Xe => |*memory| switch (device.*) {
-                .Xe => |*adapter| memory.deinit(adapter, io),
+            .xe => |*memory| switch (device.*) {
+                .xe => |*adapter| memory.deinit(adapter, io),
                 else => {},
             },
-            .Invalid => {},
+            .invalid => {},
         }
-        self.* = .{ .Invalid = {} };
+        self.* = .{ .invalid = {} };
     }
 
     pub fn map(self: *Memory, device: *Device, io: std.Io, offset: vk.DeviceSize, size: vk.DeviceSize) VkError![]u8 {
         return switch (self.*) {
-            .I915 => |*memory| switch (device.*) {
-                .I915 => |*adapter| memory.map(adapter, io, offset, size),
+            .i915 => |*memory| switch (device.*) {
+                .i915 => |*adapter| memory.map(adapter, io, offset, size),
                 else => VkError.MemoryMapFailed,
             },
-            .Xe => |*memory| switch (device.*) {
-                .Xe => |*adapter| memory.map(adapter, io, offset, size),
+            .xe => |*memory| switch (device.*) {
+                .xe => |*adapter| memory.map(adapter, io, offset, size),
                 else => VkError.MemoryMapFailed,
             },
-            .Invalid => VkError.MemoryMapFailed,
+            .invalid => VkError.MemoryMapFailed,
         };
     }
 
     pub fn unmap(self: *Memory) void {
         switch (self.*) {
-            .I915 => |*memory| memory.unmap(),
-            .Xe => |*memory| memory.unmap(),
-            .Invalid => {},
+            .i915 => |*memory| memory.unmap(),
+            .xe => |*memory| memory.unmap(),
+            .invalid => {},
         }
     }
 
     pub fn flushRange(self: *Memory, device: *Device, io: std.Io, offset: vk.DeviceSize, size: vk.DeviceSize) VkError!void {
         return switch (self.*) {
-            .I915 => |*memory| switch (device.*) {
-                .I915 => |*adapter| memory.flushRange(adapter, io, offset, size),
+            .i915 => |*memory| switch (device.*) {
+                .i915 => |*adapter| memory.flushRange(adapter, io, offset, size),
                 else => VkError.InvalidDeviceMemoryDrv,
             },
-            .Xe => |*memory| switch (device.*) {
-                .Xe => |*adapter| memory.flushRange(adapter, io, offset, size),
+            .xe => |*memory| switch (device.*) {
+                .xe => |*adapter| memory.flushRange(adapter, io, offset, size),
                 else => VkError.InvalidDeviceMemoryDrv,
             },
-            .Invalid => VkError.InvalidDeviceMemoryDrv,
+            .invalid => VkError.InvalidDeviceMemoryDrv,
         };
     }
 
     pub fn invalidateRange(self: *Memory, device: *Device, io: std.Io, offset: vk.DeviceSize, size: vk.DeviceSize) VkError!void {
         return switch (self.*) {
-            .I915 => |*memory| switch (device.*) {
-                .I915 => |*adapter| memory.invalidateRange(adapter, io, offset, size),
+            .i915 => |*memory| switch (device.*) {
+                .i915 => |*adapter| memory.invalidateRange(adapter, io, offset, size),
                 else => VkError.InvalidDeviceMemoryDrv,
             },
-            .Xe => |*memory| switch (device.*) {
-                .Xe => |*adapter| memory.invalidateRange(adapter, io, offset, size),
+            .xe => |*memory| switch (device.*) {
+                .xe => |*adapter| memory.invalidateRange(adapter, io, offset, size),
                 else => VkError.InvalidDeviceMemoryDrv,
             },
-            .Invalid => VkError.InvalidDeviceMemoryDrv,
+            .invalid => VkError.InvalidDeviceMemoryDrv,
         };
     }
 
     pub fn handle(self: *const Memory) VkError!u32 {
         return switch (self.*) {
-            .I915 => |*memory| memory.handle,
-            .Xe => VkError.FeatureNotPresent,
-            .Invalid => VkError.InvalidDeviceMemoryDrv,
+            .i915 => |*memory| memory.handle,
+            .xe => VkError.FeatureNotPresent,
+            .invalid => VkError.InvalidDeviceMemoryDrv,
         };
     }
 };

src/intel/lib.zig

@@ -52,9 +52,9 @@ pub const VULKAN_VERSION = vk.makeApiVersion(
 pub const IMAGE_MEMORY_ALIGNMENT = std.heap.page_size_max;
 
 pub const KmdType = enum {
-    Invalid,
-    I915,
-    Xe,
+    invalid,
+    i915,
+    xe,
 };
 
 pub const std_options = base.std_options;

src/intel/pci_ids.zig

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-const std = @import("std");
-
 const PciInfo = struct {
     id: u16,
     name: []const u8,

src/phi/PhiBinarySemaphore.zig

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
-const Device = base.Device;
 
 const Self = @This();
 pub const Interface = base.BinarySemaphore;

src/phi/PhiBuffer.zig

@@ -2,10 +2,8 @@ const std = @import("std");
 const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
 
-const lib = @import("lib.zig");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
-const Device = base.Device;
 
 const Self = @This();
 pub const Interface = base.Buffer;

src/phi/PhiBufferView.zig

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
-const Device = base.Device;
 
 const Self = @This();
 pub const Interface = base.BufferView;

src/phi/PhiCommandPool.zig

@@ -2,9 +2,7 @@ const std = @import("std");
 const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
 
-const NonDispatchable = base.NonDispatchable;
 const VkError = base.VkError;
-const Device = base.Device;
 
 const PhiCommandBuffer = @import("PhiCommandBuffer.zig");
 

src/phi/PhiDescriptorPool.zig

@@ -3,9 +3,7 @@ const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
-const VulkanAllocator = base.VulkanAllocator;
 
-const Device = base.Device;
 
 const Self = @This();
 pub const Interface = base.DescriptorPool;

src/phi/PhiDescriptorSetLayout.zig

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
-const Device = base.Device;
 
 const Self = @This();
 pub const Interface = base.DescriptorSetLayout;

src/phi/PhiDevice.zig

@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ fn uploadAndLaunchDaemon(instance: *base.Instance, allocator: std.mem.Allocator,
 
     const local_path = std.fmt.allocPrint(allocator, "/tmp/ape_phi_device_{d}_{d}.mic", .{ std.os.linux.getpid(), mic_device_num }) catch return VkError.OutOfHostMemory;
     defer allocator.free(local_path);
-    defer std.Io.Dir.deleteFileAbsolute(io, local_path) catch {};
+    defer std.Io.Dir.deleteFileAbsolute(io, local_path) catch @panic("Caught an error while handling an error");
 
     std.Io.Dir.writeFile(.cwd(), io, .{
         .sub_path = local_path,

src/phi/PhiDeviceMemory.zig

@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ pub fn create(device: *PhiDevice, allocator: std.mem.Allocator, size: vk.DeviceS
             .flags = 0,
         };
 
-        var reply: proto.PhiAllocMemoryReply = undefined;
+        var reply = std.mem.zeroes(proto.PhiAllocMemoryReply);
         try device.transport.request(proto.PHI_PACKET_ALLOC_MEMORY, std.mem.asBytes(&alloc_request), std.mem.asBytes(&reply));
 
         if (reply.result.status != proto.PHI_STATUS_OK) {

src/phi/PhiEvent.zig

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
-const Device = base.Device;
 
 const Self = @This();
 pub const Interface = base.Event;

src/phi/PhiImage.zig

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 const std = @import("std");
 const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
-const lib = @import("lib.zig");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
 

src/phi/PhiImageView.zig

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
-const Device = base.Device;
 
 const Self = @This();
 pub const Interface = base.ImageView;

src/phi/PhiInstance.zig

@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ fn requestPhysicalDevices(interface: *Interface, allocator: std.mem.Allocator, _
         defer device.deinit();
 
         const physical_device = try PhiPhysicalDevice.create(allocator, interface, device, device_num);
-        errdefer physical_device.interface.release(allocator) catch {};
+        errdefer physical_device.interface.release(allocator) catch @panic("Caught an error while handling an error");
 
         const dispatchable = try Dispatchable(base.PhysicalDevice).wrap(allocator, &physical_device.interface);
         errdefer dispatchable.destroy(allocator);

src/phi/PhiPhysicalDevice.zig

@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ const pci_ids = @import("pci_ids.zig").map;
 const PhiDevice = @import("PhiDevice.zig");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
-const VulkanAllocator = base.VulkanAllocator;
 const SurfaceKHR = base.SurfaceKHR;
 
 const Self = @This();
@@ -87,7 +86,7 @@ pub fn create(allocator: std.mem.Allocator, instance: *base.Instance, mic_device
         return VkError.InitializationFailed;
     }
 
-    interface.props.pipeline_cache_uuid = undefined;
+    interface.props.pipeline_cache_uuid = @splat(0);
     interface.props.limits = .{
         .max_image_dimension_1d = 4096,
         .max_image_dimension_2d = 4096,
@@ -872,10 +871,10 @@ fn cpuid(leaf_id: u32, subleaf_id: u32) CpuidRegs {
         }
     }
 
-    var eax: u32 = undefined;
-    var ebx: u32 = undefined;
-    var ecx: u32 = undefined;
-    var edx: u32 = undefined;
+    var eax: u32 = 0;
+    var ebx: u32 = 0;
+    var ecx: u32 = 0;
+    var edx: u32 = 0;
 
     asm volatile ("cpuid"
         : [_] "={eax}" (eax),

src/phi/PhiPipelineLayout.zig

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
-const Device = base.Device;
 
 const Self = @This();
 pub const Interface = base.PipelineLayout;

src/phi/PhiQueryPool.zig

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
-const Device = base.Device;
 
 const Self = @This();
 pub const Interface = base.QueryPool;

src/phi/PhiQueue.zig

@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ pub fn submit(interface: *Interface, infos: []Interface.SubmitInfo, fence: ?*bas
             @memcpy(payload[@sizeOf(proto.PhiWorkExecutionRequest)..], phi_command_buffer.commands.items);
 
             // Synchronous queues for now
-            var reply: proto.PhiWorkExecutionReply = undefined;
+            var reply = std.mem.zeroes(proto.PhiWorkExecutionReply);
             try device.transport.request(proto.PHI_PACKET_WORK_EXECUTION, payload, std.mem.asBytes(&reply));
 
             if (reply.result.status != proto.PHI_STATUS_OK) {

src/phi/PhiRenderPass.zig

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
-const Device = base.Device;
 
 const Self = @This();
 pub const Interface = base.RenderPass;

src/phi/PhiTransport.zig

@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ pub fn request(self: *Self, command: c_uint, payload: []const u8, reply_payload:
     try self.writeAll(std.mem.asBytes(&header));
     try self.writeAll(payload);
 
+    // SAFETY: will be entirely written with the readAll
     var reply_header: proto.PhiMessageHeader = undefined;
     try self.readAll(std.mem.asBytes(&reply_header));
 
@@ -119,6 +120,8 @@ fn handshake(self: *Self) VkError!void {
         .host_protocol_version = proto.PHI_PROTOCOL_VERSION,
         .reserved = 0,
     };
+
+    // SAFETY: will be entirely written by the request
     var reply: proto.PhiHelloReply = undefined;
     try self.request(proto.PHI_PACKET_HELLO, std.mem.asBytes(&request_payload), std.mem.asBytes(&reply));
     if (reply.result.status != proto.PHI_STATUS_OK) {

src/phi/pci_ids.zig

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-const std = @import("std");
 
 const PciInfo = struct {
     id: u16,

src/phi/scif.zig

@@ -13,12 +13,18 @@ pub const PortId = extern struct {
 pub const SEND_BLOCK = 1;
 pub const RECV_BLOCK = 1;
 
+// SAFETY: load assigns every function pointer before the public wrappers can be used.
 var scif_open: *const fn () callconv(.c) epd_t = undefined;
+// SAFETY: load assigns every function pointer before the public wrappers can be used.
 var scif_close: *const fn (epd: epd_t) callconv(.c) c_int = undefined;
+// SAFETY: load assigns every function pointer before the public wrappers can be used.
 var scif_connect: *const fn (epd: epd_t, dst: *const PortId) callconv(.c) c_int = undefined;
+// SAFETY: load assigns every function pointer before the public wrappers can be used.
 var scif_send: *const fn (epd: epd_t, msg: ?*const anyopaque, len: usize, flags: c_int) callconv(.c) isize = undefined;
+// SAFETY: load assigns every function pointer before the public wrappers can be used.
 var scif_recv: *const fn (epd: epd_t, msg: ?*anyopaque, len: usize, flags: c_int) callconv(.c) isize = undefined;
 
+// SAFETY: load initializes the module before it can be closed or queried.
 var module: std.DynLib = undefined;
 var ref_count = std.atomic.Value(usize).init(0);
 var load_mutex: base.SpinMutex = .{};

src/software/SoftBinarySemaphore.zig

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
-const Device = base.Device;
 
 const Self = @This();
 pub const Interface = base.BinarySemaphore;

src/software/SoftBuffer.zig

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ const base = @import("base");
 const lib = @import("lib.zig");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
-const Device = base.Device;
 
 const Self = @This();
 pub const Interface = base.Buffer;

src/software/SoftBufferView.zig

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
-const Device = base.Device;
 
 const Self = @This();
 pub const Interface = base.BufferView;

src/software/SoftCommandBuffer.zig

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
 const lib = @import("lib.zig");
 
-const Device = base.Device;
 const VkError = base.VkError;
 
 const SoftBuffer = @import("SoftBuffer.zig");
@@ -129,10 +128,9 @@ pub fn create(device: *base.Device, allocator: std.mem.Allocator, info: *const v
 
     self.* = .{
         .interface = interface,
-        .command_allocator = undefined,
+        .command_allocator = .init(interface.host_allocator.allocator()),
         .commands = .empty,
     };
-    self.command_allocator = .init(self.interface.host_allocator.allocator());
     return self;
 }
 
@@ -144,7 +142,7 @@ pub fn destroy(interface: *Interface, allocator: std.mem.Allocator) void {
 
 pub fn execute(self: *Self, device: *ExecutionDevice) VkError!void {
     try self.interface.submit();
-    defer self.interface.finish() catch {};
+    defer self.interface.finish() catch @panic("Caught an error while handling an error");
 
     for (self.commands.items) |command| {
         command.vtable.execute(@ptrCast(command.ptr), device) catch |err| {
@@ -1063,7 +1061,11 @@ pub fn endRenderPass(interface: *Interface) VkError!void {
         }
     };
 
-    self.commands.append(allocator, .{ .ptr = undefined, .vtable = &.{ .execute = CommandImpl.execute } }) catch return VkError.OutOfHostMemory;
+    self.commands.append(allocator, .{
+        // SAFETY: this command's execute callback does not inspect its context pointer.
+        .ptr = undefined,
+        .vtable = &.{ .execute = CommandImpl.execute },
+    }) catch return VkError.OutOfHostMemory;
 }
 
 pub fn executeCommands(interface: *Interface, commands: *Interface) VkError!void {

src/software/SoftCommandPool.zig

@@ -2,9 +2,7 @@ const std = @import("std");
 const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
 
-const NonDispatchable = base.NonDispatchable;
 const VkError = base.VkError;
-const Device = base.Device;
 
 const SoftCommandBuffer = @import("SoftCommandBuffer.zig");
 

src/software/SoftDescriptorPool.zig

@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ const base = @import("base");
 const VkError = base.VkError;
 const VulkanAllocator = base.VulkanAllocator;
 
-const Device = base.Device;
 
 const SoftDescriptorSet = @import("SoftDescriptorSet.zig");
 

src/software/SoftDescriptorSet.zig

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
-const Device = base.Device;
 const Buffer = base.Buffer;
 const BufferView = base.BufferView;
 const ImageView = base.ImageView;

src/software/SoftDescriptorSetLayout.zig

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
-const Device = base.Device;
 
 const Self = @This();
 pub const Interface = base.DescriptorSetLayout;

src/software/SoftDevice.zig

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 const std = @import("std");
 const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
-const builtin = @import("builtin");
-const config = base.config;
 
 const SoftQueue = @import("SoftQueue.zig");
 
@@ -33,8 +31,6 @@ const VkError = base.VkError;
 const Self = @This();
 pub const Interface = base.Device;
 
-const SpawnError = std.Thread.SpawnError;
-
 interface: Interface,
 
 pub fn create(instance: *base.Instance, physical_device: *base.PhysicalDevice, allocator: std.mem.Allocator, info: *const vk.DeviceCreateInfo) VkError!*Self {
@@ -42,7 +38,7 @@ pub fn create(instance: *base.Instance, physical_device: *base.PhysicalDevice, a
     var initialized = false;
     errdefer {
         if (initialized) {
-            self.interface.destroy(allocator) catch {};
+            self.interface.destroy(allocator) catch @panic("Caught an error while handling an error");
         } else {
             allocator.destroy(self);
         }

src/software/SoftDeviceMemory.zig

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ const std = @import("std");
 const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const SoftDevice = @import("SoftDevice.zig");
 const base = @import("base");
-const lib = @import("lib.zig");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
 

src/software/SoftEvent.zig

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
-const Device = base.Device;
 
 const Self = @This();
 pub const Interface = base.Event;

src/software/SoftFramebuffer.zig

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
-const Device = base.Device;
 
 const blitter = @import("device/blitter.zig");
 

src/software/SoftImage.zig

@@ -61,10 +61,8 @@ const F32x4 = blitter.F32x4;
 const U32x4 = blitter.U32x4;
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
-const Device = base.Device;
 
 const SoftBuffer = @import("SoftBuffer.zig");
-const SoftDevice = @import("SoftDevice.zig");
 
 const Self = @This();
 pub const Interface = base.Image;

src/software/SoftImageView.zig

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
-const Device = base.Device;
 
 const Self = @This();
 pub const Interface = base.ImageView;

src/software/SoftInstance.zig

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 const std = @import("std");
 const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
-const lib = @import("lib.zig");
 const SoftPhysicalDevice = @import("SoftPhysicalDevice.zig");
 
 const Dispatchable = base.Dispatchable;
@@ -63,7 +62,7 @@ fn destroy(interface: *Interface, allocator: std.mem.Allocator) VkError!void {
 fn requestPhysicalDevices(interface: *Interface, allocator: std.mem.Allocator, _: []base.drm.Card) VkError!void {
     // Software driver has only one physical device (the CPU)
     const physical_device = try SoftPhysicalDevice.create(allocator, interface);
-    errdefer physical_device.interface.release(allocator) catch {};
+    errdefer physical_device.interface.release(allocator) catch @panic("Caught an error while handling an error");
     const dispatchable = try Dispatchable(base.PhysicalDevice).wrap(allocator, &physical_device.interface);
     errdefer dispatchable.destroy(allocator);
     interface.physical_devices.append(allocator, dispatchable) catch return VkError.OutOfHostMemory;

src/software/SoftPhysicalDevice.zig

@@ -925,10 +925,10 @@ fn cpuid(leaf_id: u32, subleaf_id: u32) CpuidRegs {
         }
     }
 
-    var eax: u32 = undefined;
-    var ebx: u32 = undefined;
-    var ecx: u32 = undefined;
-    var edx: u32 = undefined;
+    var eax: u32 = 0;
+    var ebx: u32 = 0;
+    var ecx: u32 = 0;
+    var edx: u32 = 0;
 
     asm volatile ("cpuid"
         : [_] "={eax}" (eax),

src/software/SoftPipeline.zig

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ const zm = base.zm;
 
 const blitter = @import("device/blitter.zig");
 
-const Device = base.Device;
 const VkError = base.VkError;
 const SpvRuntimeError = spv.Runtime.RuntimeError;
 
@@ -31,7 +30,6 @@ pub threadlocal var current_framebuffer_attachment_count: usize = 0;
 const NonDispatchable = base.NonDispatchable;
 const ShaderModule = base.ShaderModule;
 
-const SoftDevice = @import("SoftDevice.zig");
 const SoftBuffer = @import("SoftBuffer.zig");
 const SoftBufferView = @import("SoftBufferView.zig");
 const SoftImage = @import("SoftImage.zig");

src/software/SoftPipelineCache.zig

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ const base = @import("base");
 const spv = @import("spv");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
-const SoftDevice = @import("SoftDevice.zig");
 const SoftShaderModule = @import("SoftShaderModule.zig");
 
 const Self = @This();

src/software/SoftPipelineLayout.zig

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
-const Device = base.Device;
 
 const Self = @This();
 pub const Interface = base.PipelineLayout;

src/software/SoftQueryPool.zig

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
-const Device = base.Device;
 
 const Self = @This();
 pub const Interface = base.QueryPool;

src/software/SoftQueue.zig

@@ -3,9 +3,7 @@ const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
 
 const ExecutionDevice = @import("device/Device.zig");
-const Dispatchable = base.Dispatchable;
 
-const CommandBuffer = base.CommandBuffer;
 const SoftDevice = @import("SoftDevice.zig");
 const SoftCommandBuffer = @import("SoftCommandBuffer.zig");
 
@@ -109,6 +107,7 @@ fn executeSubmitInfo(soft_device: *SoftDevice, info: Interface.SubmitInfo) VkErr
         try semaphore.wait();
     }
 
+    // SAFETY: setup initializes every field before execution_device is read.
     var execution_device: ExecutionDevice = undefined;
     execution_device.setup(soft_device);
     defer execution_device.deinit(soft_device.interface.device_allocator.allocator());

src/software/SoftRenderPass.zig

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
-const Device = base.Device;
 
 const Self = @This();
 pub const Interface = base.RenderPass;

src/software/SoftSampler.zig

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ const zm = base.zm;
 const blitter = @import("device/blitter.zig");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
-const Device = base.Device;
 const F32x4 = zm.F32x4;
 const U32x4 = blitter.U32x4;
 

src/software/SoftShaderModule.zig

@@ -2,12 +2,9 @@ const std = @import("std");
 const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
 const spv = @import("spv");
-const lib = @import("lib.zig");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
-const Device = base.Device;
 
-const SoftDevice = @import("SoftDevice.zig");
 
 const Self = @This();
 pub const Interface = base.ShaderModule;

src/software/device/BoundedAllocator.zig

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 const std = @import("std");
-const base = @import("base");
 
 const Self = @This();
 

src/software/device/ComputeDispatcher.zig

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 const std = @import("std");
-const vk = @import("vulkan");
 const base = @import("base");
 const spv = @import("spv");
-const lib = @import("../lib.zig");
 
 const ExecutionDevice = @import("Device.zig");
 const PipelineState = ExecutionDevice.PipelineState;

src/software/device/Device.zig

@@ -6,15 +6,11 @@ const spv = @import("spv");
 
 const SoftDescriptorSet = @import("../SoftDescriptorSet.zig");
 const SoftDevice = @import("../SoftDevice.zig");
-const SoftFramebuffer = @import("../SoftFramebuffer.zig");
 const SoftPipeline = @import("../SoftPipeline.zig");
-const SoftRenderPass = @import("../SoftRenderPass.zig");
 
 const ComputeDispatcher = @import("ComputeDispatcher.zig");
 const Renderer = @import("Renderer.zig");
 
-const VkError = base.VkError;
-
 const Self = @This();
 
 pub const GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_STATE = 0;
@@ -58,7 +54,9 @@ pub fn setup(self: *Self, device: *SoftDevice) void {
             .data = switch (i) {
                 GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_STATE => .{
                     .graphics = .{
+                        // SAFETY: indexed draws bind the index buffer before the renderer reads it.
                         .index_buffer = undefined,
+                        // SAFETY: each vertex binding is populated before an attribute reads it.
                         .vertex_buffers = undefined,
                     },
                 },

src/software/device/Renderer.zig

@@ -9,16 +9,13 @@ const PipelineState = ExecutionDevice.PipelineState;
 const BoundedAllocator = @import("BoundedAllocator.zig");
 
 const SoftBuffer = @import("../SoftBuffer.zig");
-const SoftDescriptorSet = @import("../SoftDescriptorSet.zig");
 const SoftDevice = @import("../SoftDevice.zig");
 const SoftFramebuffer = @import("../SoftFramebuffer.zig");
 const SoftPipeline = @import("../SoftPipeline.zig");
 const SoftRenderPass = @import("../SoftRenderPass.zig");
 
-const blitter = @import("blitter.zig");
 const rasterizer = @import("rasterizer.zig");
 const vertex_dispatcher = @import("vertex_dispatcher.zig");
-const clip = @import("clip.zig");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
 const F32x4 = zm.F32x4;
@@ -110,7 +107,9 @@ pub const DrawCall = struct {
             .vertex_count = vertex_count,
             .instance_count = instance_count,
             .renderer = renderer,
+            // SAFETY: draw assigns the viewport before the rasterizer receives this value.
             .viewport = undefined,
+            // SAFETY: draw assigns the scissor before the rasterizer receives this value.
             .scissor = undefined,
             .color_attachments = framebuffer.interface.attachments[0..],
             .depth_attachment = if (render_pass.interface.subpasses[renderer.subpass_index].depth_stencil_attachments) |desc| framebuffer.interface.attachments[desc.attachment] else null,

src/software/device/blitter.zig

@@ -1640,7 +1640,7 @@ fn encodeUFloat(value: f32, mantissa_bits: comptime_int) u32 {
         return max_exponent << mantissa_bits;
 
     if (adjusted_exponent <= 0) {
-        const mantissa = @as(u32, @intFromFloat(@round(value * @as(f32, @floatFromInt(1 << (mantissa_bits + exponent_bias - 1))))));
+        const mantissa: u32 = @intFromFloat(@round(value * @as(f32, @floatFromInt(1 << (mantissa_bits + exponent_bias - 1)))));
 
         return mantissa;
     }

src/software/device/clip.zig

@@ -13,12 +13,12 @@ const VkError = base.VkError;
 const INTERFACE_BLOB_PADDING = @sizeOf(F32x4);
 
 const ClipPlane = enum {
-    Left,
-    Right,
-    Bottom,
-    Top,
-    Near,
-    Far,
+    left,
+    right,
+    bottom,
+    top,
+    near,
+    far,
 };
 
 const MAX_CLIPPED_POLYGON_VERTICES = 16;
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ pub const ClippedLine = struct {
 };
 
 const ClippedPolygon = struct {
-    vertices: [MAX_CLIPPED_POLYGON_VERTICES]Vertex = undefined,
+    vertices: [MAX_CLIPPED_POLYGON_VERTICES]Vertex = std.mem.zeroes([MAX_CLIPPED_POLYGON_VERTICES]Vertex),
     len: usize = 0,
 
     fn append(self: *@This(), vertex: Vertex) VkError!void {
@@ -48,12 +48,12 @@ pub fn clipTriangle(allocator: std.mem.Allocator, v0: *const Vertex, v1: *const
     try polygon.append(v2.*);
 
     const planes = [_]ClipPlane{
-        .Left,
-        .Right,
-        .Bottom,
-        .Top,
-        .Near,
-        .Far,
+        .left,
+        .right,
+        .bottom,
+        .top,
+        .near,
+        .far,
     };
 
     for (planes) |plane| {
@@ -72,12 +72,12 @@ pub fn clipLine(allocator: std.mem.Allocator, v0: *const Vertex, v1: *const Vert
     };
 
     const planes = [_]ClipPlane{
-        .Left,
-        .Right,
-        .Bottom,
-        .Top,
-        .Near,
-        .Far,
+        .left,
+        .right,
+        .bottom,
+        .top,
+        .near,
+        .far,
     };
 
     for (planes) |plane| {
@@ -131,12 +131,12 @@ pub fn viewportTransformVertex(viewport: vk.Viewport, vertex: *Vertex) void {
 fn clipDistance(position: F32x4, plane: ClipPlane) f32 {
     const x, const y, const z, const w = position;
     return switch (plane) {
-        .Left => x + w,
-        .Right => w - x,
-        .Bottom => y + w,
-        .Top => w - y,
-        .Near => z,
-        .Far => w - z,
+        .left => x + w,
+        .right => w - x,
+        .bottom => y + w,
+        .top => w - y,
+        .near => z,
+        .far => w - z,
     };
 }
 
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ fn interpolateVertexForClipping(allocator: std.mem.Allocator, a: *const Vertex,
         .primitive_restart = false,
         .position = a.position + ((b.position - a.position) * zm.f32x4s(t)),
         .point_size = a.point_size + ((b.point_size - a.point_size) * t),
-        .outputs = undefined,
+        .outputs = @splat(@splat(null)),
     };
 
     for (&result.outputs) |*location| {

src/software/device/fragment.zig

@@ -8,10 +8,8 @@ const VertexInterpolationLocation = @import("rasterizer/common.zig").VertexInter
 
 const ExecutionDevice = @import("Device.zig");
 const Renderer = @import("Renderer.zig");
-const SoftImage = @import("../SoftImage.zig");
 const SoftPipeline = @import("../SoftPipeline.zig");
 
-const VkError = base.VkError;
 const SpvRuntimeError = spv.Runtime.RuntimeError;
 const INTERFACE_BLOB_PADDING = @sizeOf(zm.F32x4);
 const PROCESSED_INPUTS_STACK_CAPACITY = 4096;
@@ -49,8 +47,10 @@ pub fn shaderInvocation(
 
     const io = draw_call.renderer.device.interface.io();
 
+    // SAFETY: fragment dispatch only occurs after a graphics pipeline has been bound.
     const pipeline = draw_call.renderer.state.pipeline orelse return undefined;
 
+    // SAFETY: fragment dispatch only occurs when the bound pipeline has a fragment stage.
     const shader = pipeline.stages.getPtr(.fragment) orelse return undefined;
     const runtime = &shader.runtimes[batch_id];
     const mutex = &runtime.mutex;
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ pub fn shaderInvocation(
     }
 
     var depth: ?f32 = null;
-    var frag_depth: f32 = undefined;
+    var frag_depth: f32 = 0;
     if (rt.readBuiltIn(std.mem.asBytes(&frag_depth), .FragDepth)) {
         depth = frag_depth;
     } else |err| switch (err) {
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ pub fn shaderInvocation(
     }
 
     var sample_mask: ?vk.SampleMask = null;
-    var frag_sample_mask: [1]vk.SampleMask = undefined;
+    var frag_sample_mask: [1]vk.SampleMask = .{0};
     if (rt.readBuiltIn(std.mem.asBytes(&frag_sample_mask), .SampleMask)) {
         sample_mask = frag_sample_mask[0];
     } else |err| switch (err) {

src/software/device/rasterizer.zig

@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ pub fn processThenFragmentStage(renderer: *Renderer, allocator: std.mem.Allocato
         );
         const color_attachment_subresource_size = renderTargetSubresourceSize(render_target, render_target_view, color_range.aspect_mask, color_range.base_mip_level);
         access.* = .{
-            .mutex = undefined,
+            .mutex = .init,
             .base = try render_target.mapAsSliceWithAddedOffset(u8, color_attachment_subresource_offset, color_attachment_subresource_size),
             .row_pitch = render_target.getRowPitchMemSizeForMipLevelWithFormat(color_range.aspect_mask, color_range.base_mip_level, color_format),
             .texel_size = base.format.texelSize(color_format),

src/software/device/rasterizer/bresenham.zig

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ const common = @import("common.zig");
 const fragment = @import("../fragment.zig");
 
 const Renderer = @import("../Renderer.zig");
-const SoftImage = @import("../../SoftImage.zig");
 
 const VkError = base.VkError;
 const SpvRuntimeError = spv.Runtime.RuntimeError;

src/software/device/rasterizer/common.zig

@@ -53,14 +53,14 @@ pub fn clampDepthBias(bias: f32, clamp: f32) f32 {
 }
 
 pub fn scissorContainsPixel(scissor: vk.Rect2D, x: i32, y: i32) bool {
-    const min_x: i64 = @as(i64, scissor.offset.x);
-    const min_y: i64 = @as(i64, scissor.offset.y);
+    const min_x: i64 = scissor.offset.x;
+    const min_y: i64 = scissor.offset.y;
 
     const max_x: i64 = min_x + @as(i64, @intCast(scissor.extent.width));
     const max_y: i64 = min_y + @as(i64, @intCast(scissor.extent.height));
 
-    const pixel_x: i64 = @as(i64, x);
-    const pixel_y: i64 = @as(i64, y);
+    const pixel_x: i64 = x;
+    const pixel_y: i64 = y;
 
     return pixel_x >= min_x and
         pixel_x < max_x and
@@ -69,8 +69,8 @@ pub fn scissorContainsPixel(scissor: vk.Rect2D, x: i32, y: i32) bool {
 }
 
 pub fn rectContainsPixel(rect: vk.Rect2D, x: usize, y: usize) bool {
-    const min_x: i64 = @as(i64, rect.offset.x);
-    const min_y: i64 = @as(i64, rect.offset.y);
+    const min_x: i64 = rect.offset.x;
+    const min_y: i64 = rect.offset.y;
 
     const max_x: i64 = min_x + @as(i64, @intCast(rect.extent.width));
     const max_y: i64 = min_y + @as(i64, @intCast(rect.extent.height));

src/software/device/rasterizer/edge_function.zig

@@ -485,6 +485,7 @@ inline fn run(data: RunData) !void {
                     centroid_b2,
                 );
                 const derivative_inputs: ?fragment.DerivativeInputs = if (data.fragment_uses_derivatives) blk: {
+                    // SAFETY: both dx and dy are assigned below before derivatives is returned.
                     var derivatives: fragment.DerivativeInputs = undefined;
 
                     const p_dx = zm.f32x4(@as(f32, @floatFromInt(x)) + 1.5, @as(f32, @floatFromInt(y)) + 0.5, 0.0, 1.0);

src/software/device/vertex_dispatcher.zig

@@ -526,7 +526,7 @@ fn isConstantZero(rt: *spv.Runtime, result_word: spv.SpvWord) bool {
     const variant = rt.results[result_word].variant orelse return false;
     switch (variant) {
         .Constant => |constant| {
-            var value: u32 = undefined;
+            var value: u32 = 0;
             _ = constant.value.read(std.mem.asBytes(&value)) catch return false;
             return value == 0;
         },

src/vulkan/BinarySemaphore.zig

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 const std = @import("std");
 const vk = @import("vulkan");
 
-const NonDispatchable = @import("NonDispatchable.zig");
-
 const VkError = @import("error_set.zig").VkError;
 
 const Device = @import("Device.zig");
@@ -25,6 +23,7 @@ pub fn init(device: *Device, allocator: std.mem.Allocator, info: *const vk.Semap
     _ = info;
     return .{
         .owner = device,
+        // SAFETY: the backend assigns the vtable before returning the semaphore.
         .vtable = undefined,
     };
 }

src/vulkan/Buffer.zig

@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ pub fn init(device: *Device, allocator: std.mem.Allocator, info: *const vk.Buffe
         .usage = info.usage,
         .memory = null,
         .allowed_memory_types = std.bit_set.IntegerBitSet(32).initFull(),
+        // SAFETY: the backend assigns the vtable before returning the buffer.
         .vtable = undefined,
     };
 }

src/vulkan/BufferView.zig

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ pub fn init(device: *Device, allocator: std.mem.Allocator, info: *const vk.Buffe
     return .{
         .owner = device,
         .buffer = try NonDispatchable(Buffer).fromHandleObject(info.buffer),
+        // SAFETY: the backend assigns the vtable before returning the buffer view.
         .vtable = undefined,
         .format = info.format,
         .offset = info.offset,

src/vulkan/CommandBuffer.zig

@@ -18,11 +18,11 @@ const QueryPool = @import("QueryPool.zig");
 const RenderPass = @import("RenderPass.zig");
 
 const State = enum {
-    Initial,
-    Recording,
-    Executable,
-    Pending,
-    Invalid,
+    initial,
+    recording,
+    executable,
+    pending,
+    invalid,
 };
 
 const Self = @This();
@@ -100,13 +100,15 @@ pub fn init(device: *Device, allocator: std.mem.Allocator, info: *const vk.Comma
     return .{
         .owner = device,
         .pool = try NonDispatchable(CommandPool).fromHandleObject(info.command_pool),
-        .state = .Initial,
+        .state = .initial,
         .begin_info = null,
         .usage_flags = .{},
         .device_mask = 1,
         .host_allocator = VulkanAllocator.from(allocator).cloneWithScope(.object),
         .state_mutex = .init,
+        // SAFETY: the backend assigns both tables before returning the command buffer.
         .vtable = undefined,
+        // SAFETY: the backend assigns both tables before returning the command buffer.
         .dispatch_table = undefined,
     };
 }
@@ -128,9 +130,9 @@ pub inline fn destroy(self: *Self, allocator: std.mem.Allocator) void {
 }
 
 pub fn begin(self: *Self, info: *const vk.CommandBufferBeginInfo) VkError!void {
-    const implicitly_reset = self.state == .Executable or self.state == .Invalid;
+    const implicitly_reset = self.state == .executable or self.state == .invalid;
 
-    self.transitionState(.Recording, &.{ .Initial, .Executable, .Invalid }) catch return VkError.ValidationFailed;
+    self.transitionState(.recording, &.{ .initial, .executable, .invalid }) catch return VkError.ValidationFailed;
     if (implicitly_reset) {
         try self.dispatch_table.reset(self, .{});
         self.begin_info = null;
@@ -143,7 +145,7 @@ pub fn begin(self: *Self, info: *const vk.CommandBufferBeginInfo) VkError!void {
 }
 
 pub fn end(self: *Self) VkError!void {
-    self.transitionState(.Executable, &.{.Recording}) catch return VkError.ValidationFailed;
+    self.transitionState(.executable, &.{.recording}) catch return VkError.ValidationFailed;
     try self.dispatch_table.end(self);
 }
 
@@ -156,7 +158,7 @@ pub fn reset(self: *Self, flags: vk.CommandBufferResetFlags) VkError!void {
 }
 
 pub fn resetFromPool(self: *Self, flags: vk.CommandBufferResetFlags) VkError!void {
-    self.transitionState(.Initial, &.{ .Initial, .Recording, .Executable, .Invalid }) catch return VkError.ValidationFailed;
+    self.transitionState(.initial, &.{ .initial, .recording, .executable, .invalid }) catch return VkError.ValidationFailed;
     try self.dispatch_table.reset(self, flags);
     self.begin_info = null;
     self.usage_flags = .{};
@@ -165,18 +167,18 @@ pub fn resetFromPool(self: *Self, flags: vk.CommandBufferResetFlags) VkError!voi
 
 pub fn submit(self: *Self) VkError!void {
     if (!self.usage_flags.simultaneous_use_bit) {
-        self.transitionState(.Pending, &.{.Executable}) catch return VkError.ValidationFailed;
+        self.transitionState(.pending, &.{.executable}) catch return VkError.ValidationFailed;
         return;
     }
-    self.transitionState(.Pending, &.{ .Pending, .Executable }) catch return VkError.ValidationFailed;
+    self.transitionState(.pending, &.{ .pending, .executable }) catch return VkError.ValidationFailed;
 }
 
 pub fn finish(self: *Self) VkError!void {
     if (self.usage_flags.one_time_submit_bit) {
-        self.transitionState(.Invalid, &.{.Pending}) catch return VkError.ValidationFailed;
+        self.transitionState(.invalid, &.{.pending}) catch return VkError.ValidationFailed;
         return;
     }
-    self.transitionState(.Executable, &.{.Pending}) catch return VkError.ValidationFailed;
+    self.transitionState(.executable, &.{.pending}) catch return VkError.ValidationFailed;
 }
 
 // Commands ====================================================================================================

src/vulkan/CommandPool.zig

@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ pub fn init(device: *Device, allocator: std.mem.Allocator, info: *const vk.Comma
         .host_allocator = VulkanAllocator.from(allocator).clone(),
         .buffers = std.ArrayList(*Dispatchable(CommandBuffer)).initCapacity(allocator, BUFFER_POOL_BASE_CAPACITY) catch return VkError.OutOfHostMemory,
         .first_free_buffer_index = 0,
+        // SAFETY: the backend assigns the vtable before returning the command pool.
         .vtable = undefined,
     };
 }
@@ -112,6 +113,6 @@ pub fn reset(self: *Self, flags: vk.CommandPoolResetFlags) VkError!void {
     self.first_free_buffer_index = 0;
 
     for (self.buffers.items) |dis_cmd| {
-        _ = dis_cmd.object.resetFromPool(.{ .release_resources_bit = flags.release_resources_bit }) catch {};
+        _ = dis_cmd.object.resetFromPool(.{ .release_resources_bit = flags.release_resources_bit }) catch @panic("Caught an error while handling an error");
     }
 }

src/vulkan/DescriptorPool.zig

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ const std = @import("std");
 const vk = @import("vulkan");
 
 const VkError = @import("error_set.zig").VkError;
-const NonDispatchable = @import("NonDispatchable.zig").NonDispatchable;
 
 const Device = @import("Device.zig");
 
@@ -29,6 +28,7 @@ pub fn init(device: *Device, allocator: std.mem.Allocator, info: *const vk.Descr
     return .{
         .owner = device,
         .flags = info.flags,
+        // SAFETY: the backend assigns the vtable before returning the descriptor pool.
         .vtable = undefined,
     };
 }

src/vulkan/DescriptorSet.zig

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 const std = @import("std");
 const vk = @import("vulkan");
 
-const NonDispatchable = @import("NonDispatchable.zig");
-
 const VkError = @import("error_set.zig").VkError;
 
 const Device = @import("Device.zig");
@@ -29,6 +27,7 @@ pub fn init(device: *Device, allocator: std.mem.Allocator, layout: *DescriptorSe
     return .{
         .owner = device,
         .layout = layout,
+        // SAFETY: the backend assigns the vtable before returning the descriptor set.
         .vtable = undefined,
     };
 }

src/vulkan/DescriptorSetLayout.zig

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ const BindingLayout = struct {
     /// This slice points to an array located after the binding layouts array
     immutable_samplers: []const *const Sampler,
 
-    driver_data: *anyopaque,
+    driver_data: ?*anyopaque,
 };
 
 owner: *Device,
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ pub fn init(device: *Device, allocator: std.mem.Allocator, info: *const vk.Descr
             .array_size = 0,
             .dynamic_index = 0,
             .immutable_samplers = &.{},
-            .driver_data = undefined,
+            .driver_data = null,
         };
     }
 
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ pub fn init(device: *Device, allocator: std.mem.Allocator, info: *const vk.Descr
                 .array_size = descriptor_count,
                 .dynamic_index = dynamic_index,
                 .immutable_samplers = binding_immutable_samplers,
-                .driver_data = undefined,
+                .driver_data = null,
             };
 
             stages = stages.merge(binding_info.stage_flags);
@@ -134,6 +134,7 @@ pub fn init(device: *Device, allocator: std.mem.Allocator, info: *const vk.Descr
         .dynamic_descriptor_count = dynamic_descriptor_count,
         .stages = stages,
         .ref_count = std.atomic.Value(usize).init(1),
+        // SAFETY: the backend assigns the vtable before returning the descriptor set layout.
         .vtable = undefined,
     };
 }

src/vulkan/Device.zig

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ const lib = @import("lib.zig");
 const config = lib.config;
 
 const Dispatchable = @import("Dispatchable.zig").Dispatchable;
-const NonDispatchable = @import("NonDispatchable.zig").NonDispatchable;
 const VulkanAllocator = @import("VulkanAllocator.zig");
 const VkError = @import("error_set.zig").VkError;
 
@@ -16,7 +15,6 @@ const Buffer = @import("Buffer.zig");
 const BufferView = @import("BufferView.zig");
 const CommandPool = @import("CommandPool.zig");
 const DescriptorPool = @import("DescriptorPool.zig");
-const DescriptorSet = @import("DescriptorSet.zig");
 const DescriptorSetLayout = @import("DescriptorSetLayout.zig");
 const DeviceMemory = @import("DeviceMemory.zig");
 const Event = @import("Event.zig");
@@ -34,7 +32,6 @@ const Sampler = @import("Sampler.zig");
 const ShaderModule = @import("ShaderModule.zig");
 
 const SurfaceKHR = @import("wsi/SurfaceKHR.zig");
-const SwapchainKHR = @import("wsi/SwapchainKHR.zig");
 
 const Self = @This();
 pub const ObjectType: vk.ObjectType = .device;
@@ -120,7 +117,9 @@ pub fn init(allocator: std.mem.Allocator, instance: *Instance, physical_device:
         .enabled_khr_swapchain = enabled_khr_swapchain,
         .enabled_khr_device_group = enabled_khr_device_group,
         .device_allocator = if (config.device_debug_allocator) .init else .{},
+        // SAFETY: the backend assigns both tables before returning the device.
         .dispatch_table = undefined,
+        // SAFETY: the backend assigns both tables before returning the device.
         .vtable = undefined,
     };
 }
@@ -141,7 +140,7 @@ pub fn createQueues(self: *Self, allocator: std.mem.Allocator, info: *const vk.D
         }
 
         const queue = try self.vtable.createQueue(allocator, self, queue_info.queue_family_index, @intCast(family_ptr.items.len), queue_info.flags);
-        errdefer self.vtable.destroyQueue(queue, allocator) catch {};
+        errdefer self.vtable.destroyQueue(queue, allocator) catch @panic("Caught an error while handling an error");
 
         const dispatchable_queue = try Dispatchable(Queue).wrap(allocator, queue);
         errdefer dispatchable_queue.destroy(allocator);

src/vulkan/DeviceMemory.zig

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ pub fn init(device: *Device, size: vk.DeviceSize, memory_type_index: u32) VkErro
         .size = size,
         .memory_type_index = memory_type_index,
         .is_mapped = false,
+        // SAFETY: the backend assigns the vtable before returning device memory.
         .vtable = undefined,
     };
 }

src/vulkan/Event.zig

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 const std = @import("std");
 const vk = @import("vulkan");
 
-const NonDispatchable = @import("NonDispatchable.zig");
-
 const VkError = @import("error_set.zig").VkError;
 
 const Device = @import("Device.zig");
@@ -27,6 +25,7 @@ pub fn init(device: *Device, allocator: std.mem.Allocator, info: *const vk.Event
     _ = info;
     return .{
         .owner = device,
+        // SAFETY: the backend assigns the vtable before returning the event.
         .vtable = undefined,
     };
 }

src/vulkan/Fence.zig

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ pub fn init(device: *Device, allocator: std.mem.Allocator, info: *const vk.Fence
     return .{
         .owner = device,
         .flags = info.flags,
+        // SAFETY: the backend assigns the vtable before returning the fence.
         .vtable = undefined,
     };
 }

src/vulkan/Framebuffer.zig

@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ pub fn init(device: *Device, allocator: std.mem.Allocator, info: *const vk.Frame
         .height = @intCast(info.height),
         .layers = @intCast(info.layers),
         .attachments = attachments,
+        // SAFETY: the backend assigns the vtable before returning the framebuffer.
         .vtable = undefined,
     };
 }

src/vulkan/Image.zig

@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ pub fn init(device: *Device, allocator: std.mem.Allocator, info: *const vk.Image
         .memory = null,
         .memory_offset = 0,
         .allowed_memory_types = std.bit_set.IntegerBitSet(32).initFull(),
+        // SAFETY: the backend assigns the vtable before returning the image.
         .vtable = undefined,
     };
 }

src/vulkan/ImageView.zig

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 const std = @import("std");
 const vk = @import("vulkan");
-const lib = @import("lib.zig");
 
 const VkError = @import("error_set.zig").VkError;
 const NonDispatchable = @import("NonDispatchable.zig").NonDispatchable;
@@ -33,6 +32,7 @@ pub fn init(device: *Device, allocator: std.mem.Allocator, info: *const vk.Image
         .format = info.format,
         .components = info.components,
         .subresource_range = info.subresource_range,
+        // SAFETY: the backend assigns the vtable before returning the image view.
         .vtable = undefined,
     };
 }

src/vulkan/Instance.zig

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 const std = @import("std");
 const builtin = @import("builtin");
 const vk = @import("vulkan");
-const config = @import("lib.zig").config;
 const utils = @import("utils.zig");
 const drm = @import("drm.zig");
 const lib = @import("lib.zig");
@@ -23,12 +22,6 @@ comptime {
 const Self = @This();
 pub const ObjectType: vk.ObjectType = .instance;
 
-const DeviceAllocator = struct {
-    pub inline fn allocator(_: @This()) std.mem.Allocator {
-        return std.heap.smp_allocator;
-    }
-};
-
 /// Dummy
 pub const EXTENSIONS = [_]vk.ExtensionProperties{};
 
@@ -52,7 +45,9 @@ pub fn init(allocator: std.mem.Allocator, infos: *const vk.InstanceCreateInfo) V
     _ = infos;
     return .{
         .physical_devices = .empty,
+        // SAFETY: the backend assigns both tables before returning the instance.
         .dispatch_table = undefined,
+        // SAFETY: the backend assigns both tables before returning the instance.
         .vtable = undefined,
     };
 }

src/vulkan/PhysicalDevice.zig

@@ -38,25 +38,26 @@ pub fn init(allocator: std.mem.Allocator, instance: *Instance) VkError!Self {
     _ = allocator;
     return .{
         .props = .{
-            .api_version = undefined,
-            .driver_version = undefined,
+            .api_version = 0,
+            .driver_version = 0,
             .vendor_id = root.VULKAN_VENDOR_ID,
-            .device_id = undefined,
-            .device_type = undefined,
+            .device_id = 0,
+            .device_type = .other,
             .device_name = @as([vk.MAX_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_NAME_SIZE]u8, @splat(0)),
-            .pipeline_cache_uuid = undefined,
+            .pipeline_cache_uuid = @splat(0),
             .limits = std.mem.zeroInit(vk.PhysicalDeviceLimits, .{}),
-            .sparse_properties = undefined,
+            .sparse_properties = std.mem.zeroes(vk.PhysicalDeviceSparseProperties),
         },
         .mem_props = .{
             .memory_type_count = 0,
-            .memory_types = undefined,
+            .memory_types = @splat(.{ .heap_index = 0 }),
             .memory_heap_count = 0,
-            .memory_heaps = undefined,
+            .memory_heaps = @splat(.{ .size = 0 }),
         },
         .queue_family_props = .empty,
         .features = .{},
         .instance = instance,
+        // SAFETY: the backend assigns the dispatch table before returning the physical device.
         .dispatch_table = undefined,
     };
 }

src/vulkan/Pipeline.zig

@@ -83,6 +83,7 @@ pub fn initCompute(device: *Device, allocator: std.mem.Allocator, cache: ?*Pipel
 
     return .{
         .owner = device,
+        // SAFETY: the backend assigns the vtable before returning the compute pipeline.
         .vtable = undefined,
         .bind_point = .compute,
         .stages = info.stage.stage,
@@ -132,6 +133,7 @@ pub fn initGraphics(device: *Device, allocator: std.mem.Allocator, cache: ?*Pipe
 
     return .{
         .owner = device,
+        // SAFETY: the backend assigns the vtable before returning the graphics pipeline.
         .vtable = undefined,
         .bind_point = .graphics,
         .stages = stages,

src/vulkan/PipelineCache.zig

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 const std = @import("std");
 const vk = @import("vulkan");
 
-const NonDispatchable = @import("NonDispatchable.zig");
-
 const VkError = @import("error_set.zig").VkError;
 const root = @import("lib.zig");
 
@@ -42,6 +40,7 @@ pub fn init(device: *Device, allocator: std.mem.Allocator, info: *const vk.Pipel
     return .{
         .owner = device,
         .data = data,
+        // SAFETY: the backend assigns the vtable before returning the pipeline cache.
         .vtable = undefined,
     };
 }

src/vulkan/PipelineLayout.zig

@@ -39,8 +39,9 @@ pub fn init(device: *Device, allocator: std.mem.Allocator, info: *const vk.Pipel
         .set_layouts = [_]?*DescriptorSetLayout{null} ** lib.VULKAN_MAX_DESCRIPTOR_SETS,
         .dynamic_descriptor_offsets = [_]usize{0} ** lib.VULKAN_MAX_DESCRIPTOR_SETS,
         .push_ranges_count = info.push_constant_range_count,
-        .push_ranges = undefined,
+        .push_ranges = @splat(std.mem.zeroes(vk.PushConstantRange)),
         .ref_count = std.atomic.Value(usize).init(1),
+        // SAFETY: the backend assigns the vtable before returning the pipeline layout.
         .vtable = undefined,
     };